Electric lighting is the most important form of artificial light. Electric motors power manufacturing machinery and propel subways and railway trains. A country's per capita electric power consumption correlates with its industrial development. Uses Įlectric power, produced from central generating stations and distributed over an electrical transmission grid, is widely used in industrial, commercial, and consumer applications. The electric power industry has gradually been trending towards deregulation – with emerging players offering consumers competition to the traditional public utility companies. Electric power is generated by central power stations or by distributed generation. The grid distributes electrical energy to customers. The electric power industry provides the production and delivery of power, in sufficient quantities to areas that need electricity, through a grid connection. Batteries are available in many sizes from miniature button cells used to power hearing aids and wristwatches to battery banks the size of rooms that provide standby power for telephone exchanges and computer data centers. There are two types of batteries: primary batteries (disposable batteries), which are designed to be used once and discarded, and secondary batteries (rechargeable batteries), which are designed to be recharged and used multiple times. According to a 2005 estimate, the worldwide battery industry generates US$48 billion in sales each year, with 6% annual growth. Since the invention of the first battery (or " voltaic pile") in 1800 by Alessandro Volta and especially since the technically improved Daniell cell in 1836, batteries have become a common power source for many household and industrial applications. There are many other technologies that are used to generate electricity such as photovoltaic solar panels.Ī battery is a device consisting of one or more electrochemical cells that convert stored chemical energy into electrical energy. Other generators are driven by the kinetic energy of flowing water and wind. The other processes, electricity transmission, distribution, and electrical energy storage and recovery using pumped-storage methods are normally carried out by the electric power industry.Įlectricity is mostly generated at a power station by electromechanical generators, driven by heat engines heated by combustion, geothermal power or nuclear fission. His basic method is still used today: electric current is generated by the movement of a loop of wire, or disc of copper between the poles of a magnet.įor electric utilities, it is the first process in the delivery of electricity to consumers. The fundamental principles of much electricity generation were discovered during the 1820s and early 1830s by the British scientist Michael Faraday. Using the Pythagorean Theorem, the relationship among real, reactive and apparent power is: This representation is often called the power triangle. The apparent power vector is the hypotenuse of a right triangle formed by connecting the real and reactive power vectors. Real power is represented as a horizontal vector and reactive power is represented as a vertical vector. The relationship between real power, reactive power and apparent power can be expressed by representing the quantities as vectors. Power triangle: The components of AC power θ = θ v − θ i is the phase angle by which the voltage sine wave leads the current sine wave, or equivalently the phase angle by which the current sine wave lags the voltage sine wave.I rms is the root-mean-square current in amperes.V rms is the root-mean-square voltage in volts.
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